Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a broad-spectrum disorder that needs timely diagnosis and management. It is mainly caused by anatomical factors. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is an important correctable cause. We describe a narrative review of this disease in children. Although uncommon in adults, it is an important disorder causing mortality and morbidity in children which warrants timely diagnosis and management.

Complex sleep apnea is the term used for central sleep apnea (CSA) events that arise during positive airway pressure (PAP) titration in a patient undergoing polysomnography (PSG). Multiple mechanisms have been used to explain the same including hypocapnia, loss of central drive, circulatory delay, or arousals. However, PAP mask leakage is an easily correctable cause of CSA during titration studies. We hereby present a case of a middle-aged female who was diagnosed with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and developed central events during titration, which were easily corrected by readjusting the oronasal mask.

Sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs) are known in patients with chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and interstitial lung disease (ILD). Sleep-related breathing disorders are further classified into obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) disorders, central sleep apnea syndromes, sleep-related hypoventilation disorders, and sleep-related hypoxemia disorders. We describe a case of familial ILD with OSA, sleep-related hypoxemia, and sleep-related hypoventilation.