Indian Journal of Sleep Medicine

Register      Login

VOLUME 3 , ISSUE 3 ( July-September, 2008 ) > List of Articles

REVIEW ARTICLE

Syndrome Z – Current Status

M. S. Kanwa

Citation Information : Kanwa MS. Syndrome Z – Current Status. Indian Sleep Med 2008; 3 (3):73-77.

DOI: 10.5005/ijsm-3-3-73

License: NA

Published Online: 01-03-2018

Copyright Statement:  NA


Abstract

PDF Share
  1. Wilcox I, McNamara SG, Collins FL, Grunstein RR, Sullivan CE. “Syndrome Z”: the interaction of sleep apnoea, vascular risk factors and heart disease. Thorax 1998;53:S25–S28.
  2. Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet P Z. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 2005; 365:14 15–1428.
  3. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, S haw J. The metabolic syndrome: a new worldwide deûnition. Lancet, 2005;366:1059–1062.
  4. International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. International Diabetes Federation, Brussels; 2005.
  5. Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Chrousos GP. Sleep apnea is a manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Sleep Med Rev 2005;9:211–224.
  6. Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, et al. Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1378-84.
  7. Nieto FJ, Young TB, Lind BK, et al. Association of sleepdisordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in large community-based study. Sleep Heart Health Study. JAMA 2000; 283: 1829-36.
  8. Shahar E, Whitney CW, Redline S, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163: 19-25.
  9. Peker Y, Hedner J, Norum J et al Increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged med with obstructive sleep apnea: a 7-year follow-up. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:159-65.
  10. Parra O, Arboix A, Montserrat JM, et al. Sleep related breathing disorders : impact on mortality of cerebrovascular disease. Eur Respir J 2004;24:267-72.
  11. Ip MS, Lam B, Ng MM, et al Obstructive sleep apnea is independently associated with insulin resistance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165,670-67
  12. Carr DB, Utzschneider KM, Hull RL et al. Intra-abdominal fat is a major determinant of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 2004; 53(8):2087-94
  13. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. JAMA 2001;285,2486-2497.
  14. Chin K, Shimizu K, Nakamura T, et al Changes in intraabdominal visceral fat and serum leptin levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome following nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Circulation 1999;100,706-712
  15. Committee on Evaluation of Diagnostic Standards for Metabolic Syndrome.. Definition and diagnostic standards for metabolic syndrome [in Japanese].Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2005;94,794-809
  16. Punjabi NM, Sorkin JD, Katzel LI, et al Sleep-disordered breathing and insulin resistance in middle-aged and overweight men. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165,677- 682
  17. Uysal K, Wiesbrock SM, Marino MW, et al Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF- á function. Nature 1997;389,610-614
  18. Somers VK, Dyken ME, Clary MP, et al Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Invest 1995;96,1897-1904
  19. Peled N, Greenberg A, Pillar G, et al Contributions of hypoxia and respiratory disturbance index to sympathetic activation and blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Hypertens 1998;11,1284-1289.
  20. Gruber A, Horwood F, Sithole J, Ali NJ, Idris I. Obstructive sleep apnoea is independently associated with the metabolic syndrome but not insulin resistance state. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2006;5:22
  21. Sharma SK, Kumpawat S, Goel A, Banga A, Ramakrishnan L, Chaturvedi P. Obesity, and not obstructive sleep apnea, is responsible for metabolic abnormalities in a cohort with sleepdisordered breathing. Sleep Med 2007;8:12–17.
  22. Davies R, Turner R, Crosby J, Stradling J. Plasma insulin and lipid levels in untreated obstructive sleep apnea and snoring: their comparison with matched controls and response to treatment. J Sleep Res 1994;3:180–185
  23. Ferrannini E, Buzzigoli G, Bonadonna R, et al Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1987;317,350-357
  24. Newman AB, Nieto FJ, Guidry U, et al Relation of sleepdisordered breathing to cardiovascular disease risk factor: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154,50- 59.
  25. Reaven G. Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology and implications for management of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2002;106:286–288
  26. Young T, Shahar E, Nieto FJ, Redline S, Newman AB, Gottlieb DJ, Walsleben JA, Finn L, Enright P, Samet JM. Predictors of sleep-disordered breathing in community-dwelling adults: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:893–900
  27. Reichmuth KJ, Austin D, Skatrud JB, Young T. Association of sleep apnea and type II diabetes: a population-based study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172:1590–1595
  28. Minoguchi K, Yokoe T, Tazaki T, Minoguchi H, Tanaka A, Oda N, Okada S, Ohta S, Naito H, Adachi M. Increased carotid intima-media thickness and serum inflammatory markers in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172:625–630
  29. Ryan S, Taylor CT, McNicholas WT. Predictors of elevated nuclear factor-kB–dependent genes in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174: 824–830
  30. Dyugovskaya L, Lavie P, Lavie L. Phenotypic and functional characterization of blood T cells in sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168: 242–249.
  31. Ohga E, Nagase T, Tomita T, Teramoto S, Matsuse T, Katayama H, Ouchi Y. Increased levels of circulating ICAM- 1, VCAM-1, and L-selectin in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87:10–14.
  32. Chin K, Nakamura T, Shimizu K, Mishima M, Nakamura T, Miyasaka M, Ohi M. Effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure on soluble cell adhesion molecules in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Med 2000;109:562–567.
  33. Dyugovskaya L, Lavie P, Lavie L. Increased adhesion molecules expression and production of reactive oxygen species in leukocytes of sleep apnea patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:934–939.
  34. Mehra R, Benjamin EJ, Shahar E, Gottlieb DJ, Nawabit R, Kirchner HL, Sahadevan J, Redline S; Sleep Heart Health Study. Association of nocturnal arrhythmias with sleepdisordered breathing: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:910–916.
  35. Kaneko Y, Floras JS, Usui K, Plante J, Tkacova R, Kubo T, Ando S-i, Bradley TD. Cardiovascular effects of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1233– 1241.
  36. Mansfield DR, Gollogly NC, Kaye DM, Richardson M, Bergin P, Naughton MT. Controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea and heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:361–366
  37. Arzt M, Young T, Finn L, Skatrud JB, Bradley TD. Association of sleep-disordered breathing and the occurrence of stroke. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172:1447–1451.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.