Indian Journal of Sleep Medicine

Register      Login

VOLUME 1 , ISSUE 1 ( January-March, 2006 ) > List of Articles

REVIEW ARTICLE

Sleep-Related Leg Movement Disorders

Samavedam A. Krishna

Citation Information : Krishna SA. Sleep-Related Leg Movement Disorders. Indian Sleep Med 2006; 1 (1):12-18.

DOI: 10.5005/ijsm-1-1-12

License: NA

Published Online: 01-04-2011

Copyright Statement:  NA


Abstract

Restless-legs syndrome and periodic leg movements in sleep are sleep-related limb movement disorders that often disrupt nocturnal sleep and cause excessive daytime sleepiness. This article reviews the recent literature regarding epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, differential diagnosis and management.


PDF Share
  1. Ekbom K. Restless legs: a clinical study. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1945; 158.
  2. Allen RP, Picchietti D, Hening WA, Trenkwalder C, Walters AS, Montplaisir J. Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Med 2003; 4: 101 – 19.
  3. In Hauri P, Sateia MJ. The international classification of sleep disorders, 2nd Edition. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Med, 2005. p. 178 – 86.
  4. Tison F, Crochard A, Leger D, Bouee S, Lainey E, El Hasnaoui A. Epidemiology of restless legs syndrome in French adults. A nationwide survey: The INSTANT Study. Neurology 2005; 65: 239 – 46.
  5. Ulfberg J, Nystrom B, Carter N, Edling C. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome among men aged 18 to 64 years: an association with somatic disease and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Mov Disord 200; 16 (6): 1159 – 63.
  6. Lavigne GJ, Montplaisir JY. Restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism: prevalence and association among Canadians. Sleep 1994; 17: 739 – 43.
  7. Hening W, Walters AS, Allen RP, Montplaisir J, Myers A, Ferini-Strambi L. Impact, diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome in a primary care population: the REST (RLS epidemiology, symptoms and treatment) primary care study. Sleep Med 2004; 5: 237 – 46.
  8. Ondo WG, Vuong KD, Wang Q. Restless legs syndrome in monozygotic twins: clinical correlates. Neurology 2000; 55 (9): 1404 - 6.
  9. Allen RP, La Buda MC, Becker P, Earley CJ. Family history study of the restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2002; 3: 53 – 7.
  10. Montplaisir J, Boucher S, Poirier G, Lavigne G, Lapierre O, Lesperance P. Clinical, polysomnographic and genetic characteristics of restless legs syndrome: a study of 133 patients diagnosed with new standard criteria. Mov Disord 1997; 12: 61 – 5.
  11. Winkelmann J. The genetics of restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2002; 3: S9 – S12.
  12. Ulfberg J, Nystrom B. Restless legs syndrome in blood donors. Sleep Med 2004; 5: 115 – 8.
  13. Rothdach AJ, Trenkwalder C, Haberstock J et al. Iron metabolism and the risk of restless legs syndrome in an elderly population: The MEMO Study. J Neurol 2002; 249: 1195 – 9.
  14. Unruh ML, Levey S, D'Ambrosio C, Fink NE, Powe NR, Meyer KB. Restless legs symptoms among incident dialysis patients: association with lower quality of life and shorter survival. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43 (5): 900 – 9.
  15. Bhowmik D, Bhatia M, Gupta S, Agarwal SK, Tiwari SC, Dash SC. Restless legs syndrome in hemodialysis patients in India: a case controlled study. Sleep Med 2003; 4: 143 – 6.
  16. Krishnan PR, Bhatia M, Behari M. Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's Disease: a case-controlled study. Mov Disord 2003; 18: 181 – 5.
  17. Tan EK, Seah A, See SJ, Lim E, Wong MC, Koh KK. Restless legs syndrome in an Asian population: a study in Singapore. Mov Disord 2001; 16 (3): 577 – 9.
  18. Mizuno S, Miyaoka T, Inagaki T, Horiguchi J. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in non-institutionalized Japanese elderly. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 59: 461 – 5.
  19. Michaud M, Soucy J, Chabli A, Lavigne G, Montplaisir J. SPECT imaging of striatal pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic status in restless legs syndrome with periodic leg movements in sleep. J Neurol 2002; 249: 164 – 70.
  20. Karlsson P, Farde L, Halldin C. Circadian rhythm in central D1-like dopamine receptors examined by PET. (Special issue: abstracts from Third International Symposium on functional neuroreceptor mapping (New York, USA)) J Neuroimaging 2000.
  21. Sloand JA, Shelly MA, Feigin A, Bernstein P, Monk RD. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous iron dextran therapy in patients with ESRD and restless legs syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43 (4): 663 – 70.
  22. Earley CJ, Heckler D, Allen RP. The treatment of restless legs syndrome with intravenous iron dextran. Sleep Med 2004; 5: 231 – 35.
  23. Barton JC, Wooten VD, Acton RT. Hemochromatosis and iron therapy of restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2001; 2: 249 – 51.
  24. Allen RP, Barker PB, Wehrl F, et al. MRI measurement of brain iron in patients with restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2001; 56 (2): 263 – 5.
  25. Earley CJ, Connor JR, Beard JL, Malecki EA, Epstein DK, Allen RP. Abnormalities in CSF concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2000; 54: 1698–1700.
  26. Skomro RP, Ludwig S, Salamon E, Kryger MH. Sleep complaints and restless legs syndrome in adult type 2 diabetics. Sleep Med 2001; 2: 417 – 22.
  27. Happe S, Treptau N, Ziegler R, Harms E. Restless legs syndrome and sleep problems in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type 1. Neuropediatrics 2005; 36: 98 – 103.
  28. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Logan J, et al. Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet. 2001; 357(9253): 354 - 7.
  29. Bottiglieri T, Laundy M, Crellin R, Toone BK, Carney MWP, Reynolds EH. Homocysteine, folate, methylation and monoamine metabolism in depression. J. Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 69: 228 – 32.
  30. Montplaisir J, Boucher S, Nicholas A, et al. Immobilization tests and periodic leg movements in sleep for the diagnosis of restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 1998; 13: 324 – 9.
  31. Michaud M, Poirier G, Lavigne G, Montplaisir J. Restless legs syndrome: scoring criteria for leg movements recorded Sleep-Related Leg Movement Disorders during the suggested immobilization test. Sleep Med 2001; 2: 317 – 21.
  32. Lutz EG. Restless legs, anxiety and caffeinism. J Clin Psychiatry. 1978; 39 (9): 693 – 8.
  33. Montplaisir J, Nicolas A, Denesle R, Gomez-Mancilla B. Restless legs syndrome improved by pramipexole: a doubleblind randomized trial. Neurology 1999; 52 (5): 938 – 43.
  34. Manconi M, Casetta I, Govoni V, Cesnik E, Ferini-Strambi L, Granieri E. Pramipexole in restless legs syndrome – evaluation by suggested immobilization test. J Neurol 2003; 250: 1494 – 5.
  35. Walters AS, Ondo WG, Dreykluft T, Grunstein R, Lee D, Sethi K. Ropinirole is effective in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. TREAT RLS 2: A 12-week, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord 2004; 19 (12): 1414 – 23.
  36. Horvath J, Fross RD, Kleiner-Fisman G, et al. Severe multivalvular heart disease: a new complication of the ergot derivative dopamine agonists. Mov Disord 2004; 19 (6): 656 – 62.
  37. Ondo W, Romanyshyn J, Vuong KD, Lai D. Long-term treatment of restless legs syndrome with dopamine agonists. Arch Neurol. 2004; 61(9):1393 - 7.
  38. Garcia-Borreguero D, Larrosa O, de la Llave Y, Verger K, Masramon X, Hernandez G. Treatment of restless legs syndrome with gabapentin: a double-blind, cross-over study. Neurology. 2002; 59 (10): 1573 - 9.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.